Composition for pulmonary administration comprising a drug and a hydrophobic amino acid

ABSTRACT

According to the subject invention, dispersible dry powder pharmaceutical-based compositions are provided, including methods for their manufacture and dry powder dispersion devices. A dispersible dry powder pharmaceutical-based composition is one having a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight (% w) water, usually below about 5% w and preferably less than about 3% w; a particle size of about 1.0-5.0 μm mass median diameter (MMD), usually 1.0-4.0 μm MMD, and preferably 1.0-3.0 μm MMD; a delivered dose of about &gt;30%, usually &gt;40%, preferably &gt;50%, and most preferred &gt;60%; and an aerosol particle size distribution of about 1.0-5.0 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), usually 1.5-4.5 μm MMAD, and preferably 1.5-4.0 μm MMAD. Such compositions are of pharmaceutical grade purity.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/066,106, filed Feb. 1, 2002, now abandoned, which is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/447,753, filed Nov. 22, 1999, nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,372,258 which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/423,515, filed on Apr. 14, 1995, now U.S. Pat.No.6,582,728 and is a continuation-in-part of the following UnitedStates Patent Applications: Ser. No. 07/910,048, filed Jul. 8, 1992, nowU.S. Pat. No. 5,458,135; Ser. No. 08/417,507, filed Apr. 4, 1995, nowabandoned, which is a file wrapper continuation of Ser. No. 08/044,358,filed Apr. 7, 1993, now abandoned; Ser. No. 08/232,849, filed Apr. 25,1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,915; Ser. No. 08/309,691, filed Sep. 21,1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,049; Ser. No. 08/246,034, filed May 18,1994, now abandoned; Ser. No. 08/313,707, filed Sep. 27, 1994, nowabandoned; and Ser. No. 08/383,475, filed Feb. 1, 1995, now abandoned,the full disclosures which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions forthe dry powder formulation of pharmaceuticals, including macromolecules,for pulmonary delivery.

Over the years, certain drugs have been sold in compositions suitablefor forming a drug dispersion for oral inhalation (pulmonary delivery)to treat various conditions in humans. Such pulmonary drug deliverycompositions are designed to be delivered by inhalation by the patientof a drug dispersion so that the active drug within the dispersion canreach the lung. It has been found that certain drugs delivered to thelung are readily absorbed through the alveolar region directly intoblood circulation. Pulmonary delivery is particularly promising for thedelivery of macromolecules (proteins, polypeptides and nucleic acids)which are difficult to deliver by other routes of administration. Suchpulmonary delivery can be effective both for systemic delivery and forlocalized delivery to treat diseases of the lungs.

Pulmonary drug delivery can itself be achieved by different approaches,including liquid nebulizers, aerosol-based metered dose inhalers(MDI's), and dry powder dispersion devices. Aerosol-based MDI's arelosing favor because they rely on the use of chlorofluorocarbons(CFC's), which are being banned because of their adverse effect on theozone layer. Dry powder dispersion devices, which do not rely on CFCaerosol technology, are promising for delivering drugs that may bereadily formulated as dry powders. Many otherwise labile macromoleculesmay be stably stored as lyophilized or spray-dried powders by themselvesor in combination with suitable powder carriers. The ability to deliverpharmaceutical compositions as dry powders, however, is problematic incertain respects. The dosage of many pharmaceutical compositions isoften critical so it is necessary that any dry powder delivery system beable to accurately, precisely, and reliably deliver the intended amountof drug. Moreover, many pharmaceutical compositions are quite expensive.Thus, the ability to efficiently deliver the dry powders with a minimalloss of drug is critical. It is also essential that the powder bereadily dispersible prior to inhalation by the patient in order toassure adequate distribution and systemic absorption.

A particularly promising approach for the pulmonary delivery of drypowder drugs utilizes a hand-held device with a hand pump for providinga source of pressurized gas. The pressurized gas is abruptly releasedthrough a powder dispersion device, such as a venturi nozzle, and thedispersed powder made available for patient inhalation. Whileadvantageous in many respects, such hand-held devices are problematic ina number of other respects. The particles being delivered are less than10 μm in size, usually in the range from 1 μm to 5 μm, making powderhandling and dispersion more difficult than with larger particles. Theproblems are exacerbated by the relatively small volumes of pressurizedgas, which are available using hand-actuated pumps. In particular,venturi dispersion devices are unsuitable for difficult-to-dispersepowders when only small volumes of pressurized gas are available.Another requirement for hand-held and other powder delivery devices isefficiency. It is important that the concentration of drug in the bolusof gas be relatively high to reduce the number of breaths required toachieve a total dosage. The ability to achieve both adequate dispersionand small dispersed volumes is a significant technical challenge thatrequires in part that each unit dosage of the powdered composition bereadily and reliably dispersible.

2. Description of the Relevant Literature

Dry powder dispersion devices for medicaments are described in a numberof patent documents. U.S. Pat. No. 3,921,637 describes a manual pumpwith needles for piercing through a single capsule of powdered medicine.The use of multiple receptacle disks or strips of medication isdescribed in European Patent Application No. EP 0 467 172 (where areciprocatable punch is used to open a blister pack); InternationalPatent Publication Nos. WO 91/02558; WO 93/09832; U.S. Pat. Nos.4,627,432; 4,811,731; 5,035,237; 5,048,514; 4,446,862; 5,048,514; and4,446,862. Other patents which show puncturing of single medicationcapsules include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,338,931; 3,991,761; 4,249,526;4,069,819; 4,995,385; 4,889,114; and 4,884,565; and European PatentApplication No. EP 469 814. International Patent Publication No. WO90/07351 describes a hand-held pump device with a loose powderreservoir.

A dry powder sonic velocity disperser is described in Witham and Gates,Dry Dispersion with Sonic Velocity Nozzles, presented at the workshop onDissemination Techniques for Smoke and Obscurants, Chemical SystemsLaboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Mar. 14-16, 1983.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,926,852 and 4,790,305, describe a type of “spacer” foruse with a metered dose inhaler. The spacer defines a large cylindricalvolume which receives an axially directed burst of drug from apropellant-driven drug supply. U.S. Pat. No. 5,027,806 is an improvementover the '852 and '305 patents, having a conical holding chamber whichreceives an axial burst of drug. U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,251, describes anebulizer connected to a mixing chamber to permit a continuous recyclingof gas through the nebulizer. U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,975 is describedabove. European Patent Application No. 0 347 779 describes an expandablespacer for a metered dose inhaler having a one-way valve on themouthpiece. International Patent Publication No. WO 90/07351 describes adry powder oral inhaler having a pressurized gas source (a piston pump)which draws a measured amount of powder into a venturi arrangement.

The respiratory delivery of aerosolized aqueous insulin solutions isdescribed in a number of references, beginning with Gänsslen (1925)Klin. Wochenschr. 4:71 and including Laube et al. (1993) JAMA269:2106-21-9; Elliott et al. (1987) Aust. Paediatr. J. 23:293-297;Wigley et al. (1971) Diabetes 20:552-556. Corthorpe et al. (1992) PharmRes 9:764-768; Govinda (1959) Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 3:161-167;Hastings et al. (1992) J. Appl. Physiol. 73:1310-1316; Liu et al. (1993)JAMA 269:2106-2109; Nagano et al. (1985) Jikeikai Med. J. 32:503-506;Sakr (1992) Int. J. Phar. 86:1-7; and Yoshida et al. (1987) Clin. Res.35:160-166. Pulmonary delivery of dry powder medicaments, such asinsulin, in a large particle carrier vehicle is described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,254,330. A metered dose inhaler (MDI) for delivering crystallineinsulin suspended in a propellant is described in Lee and Sciara (1976)J. Pharm. Sci. 65:567-572. A MDI for delivering insulin into a spacerfor regulating inhalation flow rate is described in U.S. Pat. No.5,320,094. The intrabronchial administration of recombinant insulin isbriefly described in Schluter et al. (Abstract) (1984) Diabetes 33:75Aand Köhler et al. (1987) Atemw. Lungenkrkh. 13:230-232. Intranasal andrespiratory delivery of a variety of polypeptides, including insulin, inthe presence of an enhancer, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,678and Nagai et al. (1984) J. Contr. Rel. 1:15-22. Intranasal delivery ofinsulin in the presence of enhancers and/or contained in controlledrelease formulations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,204,108;4,294,829; and 4,153,689; International Patent Publication Nos. WO93/02712, WO 91/02545, WO 90/09780, and WO 88/04556; Great BritainPatent No. 1,527,605; Ryden and Edman (1992) Int. J. Pharm. 83:1-10; andBjork and Edman (1988) Int. J. Pharm. 47:233-238. The preparation andstability of amorphous insulin were described by Rigsbee and Pikal atthe American Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences (AAPS), Nov. 14-18,1993, Lake Buena Vista, Fla. Methods for spray drying polypeptide,polynucleotide and other labile drugs in a carrier which forms anamorphous structure which stabilizes the drug are described in EuropeanPatent Application No. 520 748. (AAPS), Nov. 14-18, 1993, Lake BuenaVista, Fla.

Stribling et al. (1992) J. Biopharm. Sci. 3:255-263, describes theaerosol delivery of plasmids carrying a chloramphenicolacetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene to mice. The plasmids wereincorporated in DOTMA or cholesterol liposomes, and aqueous suspensionsof the liposomes were nebulized into a small animal aerosol deliverychamber. Mice breathing the aerosol were found to at least transientlyexpress CAT activity in their lung cells. Rosenfeld et al. (1991)Science: 252:431-434, describes the in vivo delivery of an alpha-1antitrypsin gene to rats, with secretion of the gene product beingobservable for at least one week. The gene was diluted in saline andinstilled directly into the rat trachea. Friedman (1989) Science244:1275-1281 is a review article describing human gene therapystrategies.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,833,125 and 4,698,328, describe the administration ofactive parathyroid hormone fragments in combination with vitamin D or adietary calcium supplement. Suggested administration routes includeparenteral by injection, rapid infusion, nasopharyngeal absorption,dermal absorption, or oral. See also, Neer et al. (1987) Osteoporosis53:829-835. U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,678, describes the use of amphophilicsteroids as a penetration enhancer for nasal or bronchopulmonarydelivery of proteins and polypeptides, listing parathyroid hormone asone of a “veritable host” of proteins which could be delivered with theenhancer. Parathyroid hormone (full length) is secreted naturally fromthe parathyroid gland as a series of spikes in a pulsatile fashion whichis analogous to pituitary hormones (Harms et al. (1987) Int. Symp. onOsteoporosis, Aalborg, Abstract 232). The full length hormone is rapidlybroken down in the circulation into several fragments which are thedominant serum forms. It is hypothesized that an intermittent orpulsatile secretion pattern for parathyroid hormone is necessary tomaintain its bone restoring properties (Hesch et al. (1988) Calcif.Tissue Int. 42:341-344 and Habener et al. (1971). Proc. Natl. Acad. SciUSA 68:2986-2991). Patton and Platz (1992) Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev.8:179-196, describe methods for delivering proteins and polypeptides byinhalation through the deep lung.

The aerosolization of protein therapeutic agents, including alpha-1antitrypsin, is disclosed in European Patent Application No. EP 0 289336. The use of alpha-1 antityrpsin for treating pulmonary inflammationis disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,316.

Therapeutic aerosol formulations, including calcitonin, are disclosed inInternational Patent Publication No. WO 90/09781.

Methods and compositions for inhibiting neutrophil elastase andcathespin G employing aerosolized 2-0-desulfated heparin are disclosedin International Patent Publication No. WO 94/02107.

Interleukin-1 receptor compositions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,968,607, 5,081,228 and 5,180,812.

Aerosol formulations of interferons have been produced for pulmonarydelivery as described in International Patent Publication No. WO91/16038. International Patent Publication No. WO 91/16038 teachesadding a surfactant or the like to improve the dispersibility of a humaninterferon from a CFC delivery system. Methods and compositions for thepreparation of solid polypeptide microparticles as a pharmaceuticalaerosol formulation are disclosed in International Patent PublicationNo. WO 91/16038. The purification of proteins of molecular weight inexcess of 12,000, including human IFN is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,503,035. Low pH pharmaceutical compositions of recombinant IFN-betaare disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO 89/05158.

3. Objects of the Invention

An object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceuticalcomposition suitable for long-term pulmonary administration to a patientin need thereof.

Another object of this invention is to provide apharmaceutical-containing dispersible dry powdered composition that isadministered by inhalation in a manner that is free of a liquidpropellant such as a CFC, HFC or carbon dioxide.

Another object of this invention is to provide apharmaceutical-containing dispersible dry powdered composition that canbe easily manufactured by a method that maintains a high percentage ofpharmaceutical activity.

Another object of this invention is to provide a manufacturable methodfor the production of a pharmaceutical composition of sufficient purity.

Still another object of this invention is to provide apharmaceutical-containing dispersible dry powdered composition thatexhibits a high level of stability.

Other objects may be apparent to one of ordinary skill upon reviewingthe following specification and claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the subject invention, dispersible dry powderpharmaceutical-based compositions are provided, including methods fortheir manufacture and dry powder dispersion devices. A dispersible drypowder pharmaceutical-based composition is one having a moisture contentof less than about 10% by weight (% w) water, usually below about 5% wand preferably less than about 3% w; a particle size of about 1.0-5.0 μmmass median diameter (MMD), usually 1.0-4.0 μm MMD, and preferably1.0-3.0 μm MMD; a delivered dose of about >30%, usually >40%,preferably >50%, and most preferred >60%; and an aerosol particle sizedistribution of about 1.0-5.0 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD), usually 1.5-4.5 μm MMAD, and preferably 1.5-4.0 MMAD. Suchcompositions are of pharmaceutical grade purity.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is based at least in part on the dispersibilitycharacteristics of the pharmaceutical-based dry powder compositionsproduced according to the present invention. The dispersibilitycharacteristics of the subject pharmaceutical-based compositions meansthat they are more suitable for use in pulmonary delivery devices thancompositions prepared by other methods. The compositions of theinvention are readily aerosolized and rapidly absorbed through the lungsof a host when delivered by a dry powder inhaler.

Definitions

In interpreting the claims to the various aspects of this invention,there are several important definitions that should be considered.

The term “dispersibility” or “dispersible” means a dry powder having amoisture content of less than about 10% by weight (% w) water, usuallybelow about 5% w and preferably less than about 3% w; a particle size ofabout 1.0-5.0 μm mass median diameter (MMD), usually 1.0-4.0 μm MMD, andpreferably 1.0-3.0 μm MMD; a delivered dose of about >30%, usually >40%,preferably >50%, and most preferred >60%; and an aerosol particle sizedistribution of about 1.0-5.0 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD), usually 1.5-4.5 μm MMAD, and preferably 1.5-4.0 μm MMAD. Methodsand compositions for improving dispersibility are disclosed in U.S.application Ser. No. 08/423,568, filed Apr. 14, 1995, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference.

The term “powder” means a composition that consists of finely dispersedsolid particles that are free flowing and capable of being readilydispersed in an inhalation device and subsequently inhaled by a subjectso that the particles reach the lungs to permit penetration into thealveoli. Thus, the powder is said to be “respirable.” Preferably theaverage particle size is less than about 10 microns (μm) in diameterwith a relatively uniform spheroidal shape distribution. More preferablythe diameter is less than about 7.5 μm and most preferably less thanabout 5.0 μm. Usually the particle size distribution is between about0.1 μm and about 5 μm in diameter, particularly about 0.3 μm to about 5μm.

The term “dry” means that the composition has a moisture content suchthat the particles are readily dispersible in an inhalation device toform an aerosol. This moisture content is generally below about 10% byweight (% w) water, usually below about 5% w and preferably less thanabout 3% w.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount present in thecomposition that is needed to provide the desired level of drug in thesubject to be treated to give the anticipated physiological response.This amount is determined for each drug on a case-by-case basis.Guidelines are given hereafter.

The term “physiologically effective amount” is that amount delivered toa subject to give the desired palliative or curative effect. This amountis specific for each drug and its ultimate approved dosage level.Guidelines are given hereafter.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means that the carriercan be taken into the lungs with no significant adverse toxicologicaleffects on the lungs.

Compositions Of The Invention

One aspect of this invention is a dispersible pharmaceutical-based drypowder composition for pulmonary delivery, the composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical in combination witha pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In general, the compositions of this invention are suitable forpulmonary delivery because of their dispersibility characteristics. Suchcompositions were not previously known in the art. In the dry state, thepharmaceutical may be in crystalline or amorphous form. Some examples ofpharmaceutical compositions suitable for formulation into dispersibledry powders are listed in Table 1. These include macromolecule andnon-macromolecule-based pharmaceuticals, usually macromolecules, withinsulin, interleukin-1 receptor, parathyroid hormone (PTH-34), alpha-1antitrypsin, calcitonin, low molecular weight heparin, heparin,interferon, and nucleic acids being preferred.

A therapeutically effective amount of active pharmaceutical will vary inthe composition depending on the biological activity of the drugemployed and the amount needed in a unit dosage form. Because thesubject compounds are dispersible, it is highly preferred that they bemanufactured in a unit dosage form in a manner that allows for readymanipulation by the formulator and by the consumer. This generally meansthat a unit dosage will be between about 0.5 mg and 15 mg of totalmaterial in the dry powder composition, preferably between about 2 mgand 10 mg. Generally, the amount of drug in the composition will varyfrom about 0.05% w to about 99.0% w. Most preferably the compositionwill be about 0.2% to about 97.0% w drug.

The amount of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is that amountneeded to provide the necessary stability, dispersibility, consistencyand bulking characteristics to ensure a uniform pulmonary delivery ofthe composition to a subject in need thereof. Numerically the amount maybe from about 0.05% w to about 99.95% w, depending on the activity ofthe drug being employed. Preferably about 5% w to about 95% w will beused.

The carrier may be one or a combination of two or more pharmaceuticalexcipients, but will generally be substantially free of any “penetrationenhancers.” Penetration enhancers are surface active compounds whichpromote penetration of a drug through a mucosal membrane or lining andare proposed for use in intranasal, intrarectal, and intravaginal drugformulations. Exemplary penetration enhancers include bile salts, e.g.,taurocholate, glycocholate, and deoxycholate; fusidates, e.g.,taurodehydrofusidate; and biocompatible detergents, e.g., Tweens,Laureth-9, and the like. The use of penetration enhancers informulations for the lungs, however, is generally undesirable becausethe epithelial blood barrier in the lung can be adversely affected bysuch surface active compounds. The dry powder compositions of thepresent invention are readily absorbed in the lungs without the need toemploy penetration enhancers.

The types of pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as carriers inthis invention include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA),bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pHadjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. Thesecarriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixtureof the two.

It has been found that HSA is particularly valuable as a carrier in thatit provides improved dispersibility.

Bulking agents that are particularly valuable include compatiblecarbohydrates, polypeptides, amino acids or combinations thereof.Suitable carbohydrates include monosaccharides such as galactose,D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose,trehalose, and the like; cyclodextrins, such as2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; and polysaccharides, such as raffinose,maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; alditols, such as mannitol,xylitol, and the like. A preferred group of carbohydrates includeslactose, trehalose, raffinose, maltodextrins, and mannitol. Suitablepolypeptides include aspartame. Amino acids include alanine and glycine,with glycine being preferred.

Additives, which are minor components of the composition of thisinvention, may be included for conformational stability during spraydrying and for improving dispersibility of the powder. These additivesinclude hydrophobic amino acids such as tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine,phenylalanine, and the like.

Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared fromorganic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, andthe like; sodium citrate is preferred.

The unit dosage form, method of treatment, and process of preparation ofthis invention are described hereafter.

Unit Dosage Form

Another aspect of this invention is a unit dosage form for pulmonarydelivery of dispersible dry powder pharmaceutical-based compositions,which dosage form comprises a unit dosage receptacle containing apharmaceutical-based dry powder composition, which composition comprisesa therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical in combinationwith a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In this aspect of the invention, the composition of this invention (asdiscussed hereinbefore) is placed within a suitable dosage receptacle inan amount sufficient to provide a subject with drug for a unit dosagetreatment. The dosage receptacle is one that fits within a suitableinhalation device to allow for the aerosolization of theinterferon-based dry powder composition by dispersion into a gas streamto form an aerosol and then capturing the aerosol so produced in achamber having a mouthpiece attached for subsequent inhalation by asubject in need of treatment. Such a dosage receptacle includes anycontainer enclosing the composition known in the art such as gelatin orplastic capsules with a removable portion that allows a stream of gas(e.g., air) to be directed into the container to disperse the dry powdercomposition. Such containers are exemplified by those shown in U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,227,522 issued Oct. 14, 1980; U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,309 issued Mar.11, 1980; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,027 issued Aug. 8, 1978. Suitablecontainers also include those used in conjunction with Glaxo's Ventolin®Rotohaler brand powder inhaler or Fison's Spinhaler® brand powderinhaler. Another suitable unit-dose container which provides a superiormoisture barrier is formed from an aluminum foil plastic laminate. Thepharmaceutical-based powder is filled by weight or by volume into thedepression in the formable foil and hermetically sealed with a coveringfoil-plastic laminate. Such a container for use with a powder inhalationdevice is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,054 and is used with Glaxo'sDiskhaler® (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,627,432; 4,811,731; and 5,035,237). All ofthese references are incorporated herein by reference.

Method of Treating a Disease State

Another aspect of this invention is a method of treating a conditionresponsive to treatment by a pharmaceutical of interest, which methodcomprises pulmonarily administering to a subject in need thereof aphysiologically effective amount of a dispersible pharmaceutical-baseddry powder composition that comprises a therapeutically effective amountof drug in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Conditions that may be treated by the compositions of this are describedin Table 1.

The physiologically effective amount needed to treat a particularcondition or disease state will depend on the individual, the condition,length of treatment, the regularity of treatment, the type of drug, andother factors, but can be determined by one of ordinary skill in themedicinal arts.

It is presently believed that the effective absorption by a host of drypowder composition according to the present invention results from arapid dissolution in the ultra-thin (<0.1 μm) fluid layer of thealveolar lining of the lung. The particles of the present invention thushave a mean size which is from 10 to 50 times larger than the lung fluidlayer, making it unexpected that the particles are dissolved and theinterferon systemically absorbed in a rapid manner for either local lungor systemic treatment. An understanding of the precise mechanism,however, is not necessary for practicing the present invention asdescribed herein.

The aerosolized pharmaceutical-based dry powders of this invention areparticularly useful in place of parenteral delivery. Thus, the methodsand compositions of the present invention will be particularly valuablein chronic treatment protocols where a patient can self-medicate. Thepatient can achieve a desired dosage by inhaling an appropriate amountof drug, as just described. The efficiency of systemic delivery via themethod as just described will typically be in the range from about 15%to 50%.

Method for Aerosolizing the Powder

Still another aspect of this invention is a device and method foraerosolizing a pharmaceutical-based dry powder composition thatcomprises a therapeutically effective amount of drug in combination witha pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which method comprises dispersingan amount of the dry powder composition in a gas stream to form anaerosol and capturing the aerosol in a chamber having a mouthpiece forsubsequent inhalation by a patient.

A further detailed description of this method is found in pending U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 07/910,048 and 08/207,472, both of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

Preparing the Compositions

Still another aspect of this invention is a method for preparing adispersible pharmaceutical-based dry powder composition of thisinvention that comprises spray drying an aqueous mixture of the drug anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier under conditions to provide arespirable dry powder composition.

Spray drying is a process in which a homogeneous aqueous mixture of drugand the carrier is introduced via a nozzle (e.g., a two fluid nozzle),spinning disc or an equivalent device into a hot gas stream to atomizethe solution to form fine droplets. The aqueous mixture may be asolution, suspension, slurry, or the like, but needs to be homogeneousto ensure uniform distribution of the components in the mixture andultimately the powdered composition. Preferably the aqueous mixture is asolution. The solvent, generally water, rapidly evaporates from thedroplets producing a fine dry powder having particles 1 to 5 μm indiameter. Surprisingly, the drug is not degraded when it is exposed tothe hot drying gas, and the powders can be prepared having sufficientpurity for pharmaceutical use. An acceptable purity is defined as lessthan 5% degradation products and contaminates, preferably less than 3%and most preferably less than 1%.

The spray drying is done under conditions that result in a substantiallyamorphous powder of homogeneous constitution having a particle size thatis respirable, a low moisture content and flow characteristics thatallow for ready aerosolization. Preferably the particle size of theresulting powder is such that more than about 98% of the mass is inparticles having a diameter of about 10 μm or less with about 90% of themass being in particles having a diameter less than 5 μm. Alternatively,about 95% of the mass will have particles with a diameter of less than10 μm with about 80% of the mass of the particles having a diameter ofless than 5 μm.

The solutions may then be sprayed dried in conventional spray dryingequipment from commercial suppliers, such as Buchi, Niro, YamatoChemical Co., Okawara Kakoki Co., and the like, resulting in asubstantially amorphous particulate product.

For the spraying process, spraying methods such as rotary atomization,pressure atomization and two-fluid atomization can be used. Examples ofthe devices used in these processes include “Parubisu [phoneticrendering] Mini-Spray GA-32” and “Parubisu Spray Drier DL-41”,manufactured by Yamato Chemical Co. “Spray Drier CL-8,” “Spray DrierL-8,” “Spray Drier FL-12,” “Spray Drier FL-16” or “Spray Drier FL-20,”manufactured by Okawara Kakoki Co., can be used for the method ofspraying using a rotary-disk atomizer.

While no special restrictions are placed on the nozzle of the atomizerused in the process of spraying, it is recommended to use a nozzle whichcan produce a spray-dried composition with a grain diameter suitable fornasal, pharyngeal or pulmonary administration. For example, nozzle types“1A,” “1,” “2A,” “2,” “3” and the like, manufactured by Yamato ChemicalCo., can be used for the above-mentioned spray-drier, manufactured bythe same company. In addition, disk types “MC-50,” “MC-65” or “MC-85,”manufactured by Okawara Kakoki Co., can be used as rotary disks of thespray-drier atomizer, manufactured by the same company.

While no particular restrictions are placed on the gas used to dry thesprayed material, it is recommended to use air, nitrogen gas or an inertgas. The temperature of the inlet of the gas used to dry the sprayedmaterials is such that it does not cause heat deactivation of thesprayed material. The range of temperatures may vary between about 50°C. to about 200° C., preferably between about 50° C. and 100° C. Thetemperature of the outlet gas used to dry the sprayed material may varybetween about 0° C. and about 150°, preferably between 0° C. and 90° C.,and even more preferably between 0° C. and 60° C. The fact that inletand outlet temperatures above about 55° C. can be used is surprising inview of the fact that most macromolecule-based drugs deactivate at thattemperature, with nearly complete deactivation occurring at about 70° C.

The dispersible pharmaceutical-based dry powders of the presentinvention may optionally be combined with pharmaceutical carriers orexcipients which are suitable for respiratory and pulmonaryadministration. Such carriers may serve simply as bulking agents when itis desired to reduce the pharmaceutical concentration in the powderwhich is being delivered to a patient, but may also serve to enhance thestability of the compositions and to improve the dispersibility of thepowder within a powder dispersion device in order to provide moreefficient and reproducible delivery of the powder and to improvehandling characteristics such as flowability and consistency tofacilitate manufacturing and powder filling.

Such carrier materials may be combined with the drug prior to spraydrying, i.e., by adding the carrier material to the purified bulksolution. In that way, the carrier particles will be formedsimultaneously with the drug particles to produce a homogeneous powder.Alternatively, the carriers may be separately prepared in a dry powderform and combined with the dry powder drug by blending. The powdercarriers will usually be crystalline (to avoid water absorption), butmight in some cases be amorphous or mixtures of crystalline andamorphous. The size of the carrier particles may be selected to improvethe flowability of the drug powder, typically being in the range from 25μm to 100 μm. A preferred carrier material is crystalline lactose havinga size in the above-stated range.

Alternatively, dry powder compositions may be prepared by otherprocesses such as lyophilization and jet milling as disclosed inInternational Patent Publication No. WO 91/16038, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference.

TABLE 1 DRUG INDICATIONS SELECTED MACROMOLECULE DRUGS FOR SYSTEMICAPPLICATIONS Calcitonin Osteoporosis Prophylaxis Paget's DiseaseHypercalcemia Erythropoietin Anemia Factor IX Hemophilia GranulocyteColony Stimulating Factor Neutropenia (G-CSF) Granulocyte MacrophageColony Stimulating Bone Marrow Engraftment/Transplant Failure Factor(GM-CSF) Growth Hormone Short stature Renal Failure Heparin BloodClotting Heparin (Low Molecular Weight) Blood Clotting Insulin Type Iand Type II Diabetes Interferon Alpha Hepatitus B and C Hairy CellLeukemia Kaposi's Sarcoma Interferon Beta Multiple Sclerosis InterferonGamma Chronic Granulomatous Disease Interleukin-2 Renal CancerLuteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Prostate Cancer (LHRH)Endometriosis Somatostatin Analog Gastrointestinal Cancers VasopressinAnalog Diabetes Insipidus Bed Wetting FSH Fertility Amylin Type IDiabetes Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Lou Gehrig's Disease Growth HormoneReleasing Factor Short Stature Insulin-Like Growth Factor OsteoporosisNutritional Support Insulinotropin Type II Diabetes Interferon BetaHepatitus B and C Interferon Gamma Rheumatoid Arthritus Interleukin-1Receptor Antagonist Rheumatoid Arthritus Interleukin-3 Adjuvant toChemotherapy Interleukin-4 Immunodeficiency Disease Interleukin-6Thrombocytopenia Macrophage Colony Stimulating Fungal Disease Factor(M-CSF) Cancer Hypercholesterolemia Nerve Growth Factor PeripheralNeuropathies Parathyroid Hormone Osteoporosis Somatostatin AnalogRefractory Diarrheas Thymosin Alpha 1 Hepatitus B and C IIb/IIIaInhibitor Unstable Angina Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Cystic Fibrosis Anti-RSVAntibody Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cystic Fibrosis TransmembraneCystic Fibrosis Regulator (CFTR) Gene Deoxyribonuclase (DNase) ChronicBronchitus Heparin Asthma Bactericidal/Permeability Adult RespiratoryDistress Syndrome (ARDS) Increasing Protein Anti-CMV AntibodyCytomegalovirus Interleukin-1 Receptor Asthma SELECTED NON-MACROMOLECULEDRUGS FOR SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL LUNG APPLICATIONS Pentamidine isethiouatepneumocystis carini pneumonia Albuterol Sulfate BroncospasmMetaproterenol Sulfate Bronchial asthma Beclomethasone DiprepionateTrimcinoline acetomide Budesonide acetonide Ipratropium bromideFlunisolide Cromolyn sodium Ergotamine tartrate Migraines

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and notlimitation.

EXPERIMENTAL

According to the subject invention, the following dispersible dry powderformulations were prepared as described. All compositions producedaccording to the present invention meet the strict specifications forcontent and purity required of pharmaceutical products.

Example I 20.0% Insulin Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk crystalline human zinc insulin was obtained from Eli Lilly andCompany, Indianapolis, Ind. A 20% insulin formulation was achieved bycombining 1.5 mg insulin per 1.0 mL deionized water with 4.96 mg/mL USPmannitol and 1.04 mg/mL citrate buffer (sodium citrate dihydrate USP andcitric acid monohydrate USP) for a total solids concentration of 7.5mg/mL at pH 6.7_(±)0.3.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 20% insulin formulation described above was producedby spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi Laboratory Spray Dryerunder the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 120-122° C.Feed rate 5.3 mL/min Outlet temperature 80-81° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at <80° C. for about 10 minutes by slowly decreasing theinlet temperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The above 20% insulin dry powder composition contained 66.1% mannitoland 13.9% citrate. The composition was found to contain 1.1 to 2.0%moisture as measured by a coulombic Karl Fischer method using aMitsubishi CA-06 Moisture Meter.

The particle size distribution of the composition was measured by liquidcentrifugal sedimentation in a Horiba CAPA-700 Particle Size Analyzerfollowing dispersion of the powder on Sedisperse A-11 (Micrometrics,Norcross, Ga.) and was determined to be 1.3 μm to 1.5 μm MMD

The delivered dose of the insulin powder composition was measured bycollecting the aerosol powder produced by a dry powder dispersiondevice, similar to devices described in co-pending U.S. application Ser.Nos. 07/910,048; 08/313,707; 08/309,691 and PCT/US92/05621, thedisclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference, on a filterplaced over the device mouthpiece. The delivered dose of the insulinpowder composition was determined to be 563±16 μg or 60 to 64% of thetotal powder (5.0 mg) loaded into the device.

The aerosol particle size distribution, measured using a cascadeimpactor (California Measurements IMPAQ-6), was determined to be 2.0 μmMMAD, with 86% to 90% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

The insulin content of the powder, measured by reverse phase HPLC(rpHPLC) was determined to be 197 μg/mg powder, accounting for 99% ofthe expected insulin. No degradation peaks were detected in thechromatogram.

Example II 5.0% Parathyroid Hormone Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk 34 amino acid active fragment of parathyroid hormone, PTH (1-34),was obtained from BACHEM CALIFORNIA, Torrance, Calif. A 5.0% PTH (1-34)formulation was achieved by combining 0.375 mg PTH (1-34) per 1.0 mLdeionized water with 6.06 mg/mL mannitol USP and 1.04 mg/mL citratebuffer (sodium citrate dihydrate USP and citric acid monohydrate USP)for a total solids concentration of 7.48 mg/mL at pH 6.3.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 5.0% PTH (1-34) formulation described above wasproduced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi LaboratorySpray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 122-124° C.Feed rate 5.2 mL/min Outlet temperature 73-74° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at <80° C. for about 5 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 5.0% PTH (1-34) dry powder composition contained 81.0%mannitol and 13.9% citrate. The formulation contained 0.5% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be2.4 μm and 2.7 μm MMD in separate measurements.

The delivered dose of the PTH (1-34) powder was determined to be 161 μgor 64.5% and 175 μg or 69.2% in separate measurements.

The PTH (1-34) content of the powder, measured by rpHPLC was determinedto be 48.5 μg/mg powder, accounting for 97% of the expected value. Nodegradation peaks were detected in the chromatogram.

Example III 0.7% Interleukin-1 Receptor Formulation for PulmonaryDelivery

A. Formulation

Bulk interleukin-1 receptor, IL-1 receptor, was obtained from ImmunexCorporation, Seattle, Wash. A 0.7% IL-1 receptor formulation wasachieved by combining 0.053 mg IL-1 receptor per 1.0 mL deionized waterwith 7.07 mg/mL raffinose (Pfanstiehl, Waukegan, Ill.) and 0.373 mg/mLTris buffer at pH 7.18.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 0.7% IL-1 receptor formulation described above wasproduced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi LaboratorySpray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 135-137° C.Feed rate 4.9 mL/min Outlet temperature 92-93° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 90° C. for about 15 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 0.7% IL-1 receptor dry powder composition contained 94.3%raffinose and 5.0% Tris. The formulation contained 1.84±0.25% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be1.95 μm MMD with 100% of the particles <5.0 μm.

The delivered dose of the IL-1 receptor powder was determined to be22.3±2.0 μg or 53.4±4.7%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 3.2 μmMMAD, with 77% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

The IL-1 receptor content of the powder as measured by rpBPLC wasdetermined to be 8.4 μg/mg, accounting for 120% of the expected IL-1receptor. No degradation peaks were detected in the chromatogram.

Example IV 5.0% Interleukin-1 Receptor Formulation for PulmonaryDelivery

A. Formulation.

Bulk interleukin-1 receptor, IL-1 receptor, was obtained from ImmunexCorporation, Seattle, Wash. A 5.0% IL-1 receptor formulation wasacheived by combining 0.375 mg IL-1 receptor per 1.0 mL deionized waterwith 6.77 mg/mL raffinose and 0.351 mg/mL Tris buffer at pH 7.35.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 5.0% IL-1 receptor formulation described above wasproduced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi LaboratorySpray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 138° C. Feedrate 4.9 mL/min Outlet temperature 91° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 90° C. for about 15 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 5.0% IL-1 receptor dry powder composition contained 90.3%raffinose and 4.7% Tris. The formulation contained 1.75±0.26% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be2.74 μm MMD with 97% of the particles <5.0 μm.

The delivered dose of the IL-1 receptor powder was determined to be123.4±24.5 μg or 49.3±9.8%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 4.1 μmMMAD, with 64% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

The IL-1 receptor content of the powder as measured by rpHPLC wasdetermined to be 52.7±1.8 μg/mg, accounting for 105% of the expectedIL-1 receptor. No degradation peaks were detected in the chromatogram.

Example V 26.7% Human Calcitonin Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk human calcitonin was obtained from Ciba-Geigy. A 26.7% humancalcitonin formulation was acheived by combining 1.9 mg human calcitoninper 1.0 mL deionized water with 4.3 mg/mL mannitol and 0.9 mg/mL citratebuffer at pH 3.85.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 26.7% human calcitonin formulation described abovewas produced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a BuchiLaboratory Spray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 4° C. Inlet temperature 119° C. Feed rate5.5 mL/min Outlet temperature 78° C. Atomizer coolant temperature 0-5°C. Cyclone coolant temperature 25-30° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 80° C. for about 10 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 26.7% human calcitonin dry powder composition contained 60%mannitol and 13.3% citrate. The formulation contained 0.71% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be1.33±0.63 μm MMD.

The delivered dose of the human calcitonin powder was determined to be76.8±6.7%.

The human calcitonin content of the powder as measured by rpHPLC wasdetermined to be 272.0 μg/mg, accounting for 102±1.7% of the expectedhuman calcitonin. No degradation peaks were detected in thechromatogram.

Example VI 90% Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk alpha-1 antitrypsin, A1A, was obtained from Armour PharmaceuticalCompany, Kankakee, Ill. A 90% A1A formulation was acheived by combining4.89 mg A1A per 1.0 mL deionized water with 0.54 mg/mL citrate buffer atpH 6.0.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 90% A1A formulation described above was produced byspray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi Laboratory Spray Dryerunder the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 4° C. Inlet temperature 98-101° C. Feedrate 5.0 mL/min Outlet temperature 65° C. Atomizer coolant temperature2-8° C. Cyclone coolant temperature 30° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 69° C. for about 10 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 90% A1A dry powder composition contained 10.0% citrate. Theformulation contained 4.79% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be1.71±0.87 μm MMD.

The delivered dose of the 90% A1A powder was determined to be 67.0±5.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 1.0 μmMMAD, with 90% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

The A1A content of the powder,as measured by rpHPLC was determined to be80% of the expected value. No degradation peaks were detected in thechromatogram. The activity after spray drying was determined to be 74±1%

Example VII 0.3% Beta Interferon Formulation for Pulmonary DeliveryContaining Human Serum Albumin

A. Formulation

Bulk beta interferon, IFN-β, was obtained from Toray Industries, Inc.,Tokyo, Japan. A 0.3% IFN-β formulation was acheived by combining 0.025mg IFN-β per 1.0 mL deionized water with 5.54 mg/mL human serum albuman(HSA), 2.3 mg/mL citrate buffer and 0.345 mg/mL of NaCl at pH 4.5.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 0.3% IFN-β formulation described above was producedby spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi Laboratory Spray Dryerunder the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 93° C. Feedrate 2.7 mL/min Outlet temperature 62° C.C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 0.3% IFN-β dry powder composition contained 66.0% HSA, 27.4%citrate, 4.1% NaCl. The formulation contained 4.22% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be1.62 μm MMD with 94.8% of the particles <5 μm.

The delivered dose of the 0.3% IFN-β powder was determined to be 9.9μg/mg or 66.0±4.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 2.0 μmMMAD, with 85% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

The IFN-β activity of the powder as measured by IFN-β enzyme immunoassay(Toray-Fuji Bionics) and was determined to be 109±8% of the expectedactivity.

Example VIII 0.3% Beta Interferon Formulation for Pulmonary DeliveryContaining Raffinose

A. Formulation

Bulk beta interferon, IFN-β, was obtained from Toray Industries, Inc.,Tokyo, Japan. A 0.3% IFN-β formulation was achieved by combining 0.025mg IFN-β per 1.0 mL deionized water with 4.7 mg/mL raffinose, 1.0 mg/mLhuman serum albuman (HSA), 2.3 mg/mL citrate buffer and 0.3 mg/mL ofNaCl at pH 4.5.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 0.3% IFN-β formulation described above was producedby spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi Laboratory Spray Dryerunder the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 145° C. Feedrate 5.0 mL/min Outlet temperature 87° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 97° C. for about 5 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 0.3% IFN-β dry powder composition contained 56.4% raffinose,11.9% HSA, 27.4% citrate, 3.5% NaCl. The formulation contained 0.69%moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be2.06 μm MMD with 88.9% of the particles <5 μm.

The delivered dose of the 0.3% IFN-β powder was determined to be 10.2μg/mg or 68.0±2.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 2.5 μmMMAD, with 84% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

The IFN-β activity of the powder as measured by INF-β enzyme immunoassay(Toray-Fuji Bionics) and was determined to be 109±8% of the expectedactivity.

Example IX 93% Low Molecular Weight Heparin Formulation for PulmonaryDelivery

A. Formulation

Bulk low molecular weight heparin sodium salt (Av. Mol. Wt.: Approx.6000) from porcine intestinal mucosa, heparin (LMW), was obtained fromSigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo. A 93% heparin (LMW) formulation wasachieved by combining 6.9 mg heparin (LMW) per 1.0 mL deionized waterwith 0.5 mg/mL HSA at pH 6.9.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 93% heparin (LMW) formulation described above wasproduced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi LaboratorySpray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 140° C. Feedrate 3.8 mL/min Outlet temperature 85° C. Atomizer coolant temperature2-8° C. Cyclone coolant temperature 20° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 80° C. for about 10 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 93% heparin (LMW) dry powder composition contained 7.0% HSA.

The delivered dose of the 93% heparin (LMW) powder was determined to be60.0±1.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 3.5 μmMMAD, with 70% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

Example X 97% Unfractionated Heparin Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk unfractionated heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa,heparin, was obtained from Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo. A 97% heparinformulation was achieved by combining 7.0 mg heparin per 1.0 mLdeionized water with 0.25 mg/mL HSA at pH 6.55.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the 97% heparin formulation described above was producedby spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi Laboratory Spray Dryerunder the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 150° C. Feedrate 4.0 mL/min Outlet temperature 85° C. Atomizer coolant temperature2-8° C. Cyclone coolant temperature 20° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 80° C. for about 10 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 97% heparin dry powder composition contained 3.0% HSA. Theformulation contained 5.11% moisture.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be2.0 to 2.5 μm MMD.

The delivered dose of the 97% heparin powder was determined to be79.0±6.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 3.2 μmMMAD, with 70% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

Example XI Lipid Vector Gene Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk pCMVβ DNA:Lipid vector as described in U.S. application Ser. No.08/417,507 filed Apr. 14, 1995 entitled, “COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORNUCLEIC ACID DELIVERY TO THE LUNG”, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference, was obtained from Genzyme Corporation,Cambridge, Mass. A 0.71% DNA:Lipid vector formulation was acheived bycombining 0.005:0.03 mg DNA:Lipid vector per 1.0 mL deionized water with5.3 mg/mL glycine (J. T. Baker) 0.3 mg/mL HSA at pH 6.4.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the DNA:Lipid vector formulation described above wasproduced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi LaboratorySpray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 120° C. Feedrate 3.8 mL/min Outlet temperature 71° C. Atomizer coolant temperature2-8° C. Cyclone coolant temperature 2-8° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 65° C. for about 5 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above 0.71% DNA:Lipid vector dry powder composition contained 93.97%glycine, and 5.32% HSA.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be2.0 μm MMD.

The delivered dose of the powder was determined to be 64.0±1.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 2.4 μmMMAD, with 75% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

Activity after spray drying was determined to be 160% of the expectedvalue.

Example XII Adenoviral Vector Gene Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

A. Formulation

Bulk pCMVβ DNA:Adenovirous vector as described in U.S. application Ser.No. 08/417,507 filed Apr. 14, 1995 entitled, “COMPOSITIONS AND METHODSFOR NUCLEIC ACID DELIVERY TO THE LUNG”, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference, was obtained from Genzyme Corporation,Cambridge, Mass. A DNA:adenovirous vector formulation was achieved bycombining 108 PFU//mL DNA:Lipid vector per 1.0 mL deionized water with6.1 mg/mL glycine J. T. Baker) 2.5 mg/mL HSA, 1.9 mg/mL phosphate bufferat pH 7.4.

B. Spray Drying

A dry powder of the DNA:Lipid vector formulation described above wasproduced by spray drying the aqueous mixture using a Buchi LaboratorySpray Dryer under the following conditions:

Temperature of aqueous mixture 2-8° C. Inlet temperature 105° C. Feedrate 2.9 mL/min Outlet temperature 72° C. Atomizer coolant temperature2-8° C. Cyclone coolant temperature 20° C.

Once the aqueous mixture was consumed, the outlet temperature wasmaintained at 70° C. for about 10 minutes by slowly decreasing the inlettemperature to provide a secondary drying.

C. Characterization

The following characterization of the dry powder formulation describedabove was carried out using the methods described in Example I unlessindicated otherwise.

The above DNA:adenovirous vector dry powder composition contained 58%glycine, and 24% HSA and 18% phosphate buffer.

The particle size distribution of the composition was determined to be2.3 μm MMD.

The delivered dose of the powder was determined to be 51.0±1.0%.

The aerosol particle size distribution, was determined to be 1.8 μmMMAD, with 80% of the particles <5.0 μm in diameter.

Activity after spray drying was determined to be 76% of the expectedvalue.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one ofordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can bemade thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appendedclaims.

1. A dispersible dry powder composition for pulmonary delivery, said composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a drug and a hydrophobic amino acid, Wherein about 95% of the mass of the dry powder composition has a particle size of less than 10 μm.
 2. The dry powder composition of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 3. The dry powder composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, and phenylalanine.
 4. The dry powder composition of claim 1, substantially free from penetration enhancers.
 5. The dry powder composition of claim 2, wherein the carrier comprises human serum albumin.
 6. The dry powder composition of claim 2, wherein the carrier comprises a carbohydrate bulking agent.
 7. The dry powder composition of claim 1, wherein about 80% of the mass of the dry powder composition has a particle size of less than 5 μm.
 8. The dry powder composition of claim 1, wherein the drug is a macromolecule.
 9. The dry powder composition of claim 1, wherein the drug is a non-macromolecule.
 10. The dry powder composition of claim 3, wherein said hydrophobic amino acid is lecuine.
 11. The dry powder composition of claim 1, wherein said dry powder composition particles having an aerosol particle size distribution of from about 1.0 to 5.0 μm MMAD.
 12. The dry powder composition of claim 1, wherein the dry powder is characterized by a delivered dose of greater than about 30%.
 13. The dry powder composition of claim 8, wherein the macromolecule is selected from the group consisting of insulin, interleukin 1 receptor, parathyroid hormone, alpha-1 antitrypsin, calcitonin, interferon, low molecular weight heparin, and nucleic acids.
 14. A unit dosage form for pulmonary delivery of a pharmaceutical drug, said unit dosage form comprising a dispersible dry powder composition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical drug in combination with a hydrophobic amino acid according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 10, or
 11. 15. A spray-dried, dispersible dry powder composition for pulmonary delivery, said composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a drug and a hydrophobic amino acid, where about 95% of the mass of the dry powder composition has a particle size of less than 10 μm. 